Buku kedisiplinan guru. We tend to think of mankind as the unique and inevitable masters of this Universe. In reality, we were not the only human species that existed on Earth, and most of our progress happened only in the recent past. In “Sapiens”, Yuval Noah Harari gives a detailed account of human history, presenting the facts and myths of how mankind has dominated the planet, the driving forces shaping our lives and how we can think about our impact on Earth and our collective future. In this summary, we’ll outline some of the key ideas in the book. For the full details, examples and perspectives, do, or get a detailed overview with our. All humans alive today are Homo sapiens; we’re part of the Homo genus (in the same family as chimpanzees, gorillas and orang-utans) and we’re of the species Sapiens (which means “wise”). ![]() In reality, Sapiens’ existence on Earth is just a speck on its evolutionary timeline. Summary of Homo Sapiens’ Evolutionary Timeline • About 13.5 billion years ago, the Big Bang brought matter, energy, time and space into this Universe. Around 300,000 years later, matter and energy fused into atoms, which then combined into molecules. Written by Yuval Noah Harari, Audiobook narrated by Derek Perkins. • About 3.8 billion years ago, some molecules combined to form organisms on Earth. • Around 6 million years ago, human/ape-like traits emerged, and the first Homos appeared in Africa 2.5 million years ago. Around 100,000 years ago, there were at least 6 Homo species co-habiting Earth, including the Homo erectus and Homo neanderthalensis. Noten ich will keine schokolade chords on piano. They looked like us (especially the Neanderthals), with big brains and moved on 2 legs. • The first Homo sapiens appeared in East Africa about 200,000 years ago, but only started to spread outside Africa 130,000 years later. This was the start of human history, which Harari classified into 3 key revolutions: the Cognitive Revolution (70,000 years ago), the Agricultural Revolution (12,000 years ago) and the Scientific Revolution (500 years ago). We’ll now take a quick look at each of the 3 revolutions, and some of the thought-provoking perspectives presented by Harari. For more details, do, or get a detailed overview with our. The 3 Key Human Revolutions Homos started out like other animals, foraging for plants, small insects/animals, carrion from carnivores, and occasionally hunting larger game. Initially, all Homo species were living on the Afro-Asian landmass. Around 70,000 years ago, Homo sapiens started to break away from other species; about 45,000 years ago, we flooded to other continents and caused massive extinction globally, including all other Homo species. This was the first of the 3 revolutions. THE COGNITIVE REVOLUTION Why did Homo sapiens suddenly flood the planet when our ancestors didn’t do so after millions of years? Harari attributes it to our language–we’re the only species that can imagine and communicate about things that don’t exist. An ape may be able to communicate to another ape that there’s a lion by the river, but only a Sapien can imagine and convey that the lion is the guardian spirit of his tribe. This frees us up to invent philosophies, religions, trade networks, and political institutions, without being limited to our genetic evolution or current environment. Our myths and common beliefs—e.g. God, imperial glory, human rights—also allow us to get large numbers of strangers to work together in ways that other species can’t. In and our, we elaborate on the vital role of our language/imagined orders in Sapiens’ rise to the top of the food-chain, how our hunter-gatherer lifestyle shaped our biological, psychological and social traits, and why/how Sapiens wrought mass-destruction and extinction to every continent we settled in. THE AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTION About 10,000 years ago, we completed the transition from foraging to settle down permanently in farms. Farming supposedly gave us a better life, but Harari calls it the biggest fraud in history. Indeed, farming led to more food per unit area (which allowed us to multiply exponentially) but it also led to poorer nutrition, more diseases, much longer working hours and a tougher life for Sapiens and other animals.
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